Kasvavan lapsen gluteeniton ja lakto-ovovegetaarinen ruokavalio : Opas ja ohjaus perhekodin työyhteisölle

Santa-aho, Hanna & Suojoki, Suvi. Kasvavan lapsen gluteeniton ja lakto-ovovegetaarinen ruokavalio. Opas ja ohjaus perhekodin työyhteisölle. Helsinki, kevät 2017. (48 sivua, 3 liitettä). Diakonia-ammattikorkeakoulu, hoitotyön kou-lutusohjelma, sairaanhoitaja (AMK). Kehittämispainotteisen opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli luoda perhekodin työ-yhteisölle selkeä ja helppolukuinen opas keliakiasta ja lakto-ovovegetaarisesta ruokavaliosta perhekodin arkea helpottamaan. Lisäksi oppaaseen kerättiin työ-yhteisön toiveesta ruokaohjeita. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli oppaan ja työyh-teisölle pidetyn ohjauksen avulla tuoda uusinta tutkittua tietoa keliakiasta sekä lakto-ovovegetaarisesta ruokavaliosta ja niiden turvallisesta toteuttamisesta kasvavan lapsen tarpeet huomioiden. Opinnäytetyö koostuu perhekodin työyhteisölle tehdystä oppaasta, ohjaukses-ta ja teoriaosuudesta. Materiaalia kerättiin eri kirjalähteistä, internetin tietokan-noista sekä hyödynnettiin keliakia-asiantuntijoiden tietämystä ja ohjeita. Opin-näytetyön kirjallisessa osuudessa käsittelimme sairaanhoitajan ammatillista osaamista, ohjauksen ja terveyden edistämisen kannalta, keliakiaa, sen oireita, todentamista ja hoitoa, sekä lakto-ovovegetaarista ravitsemusta eettisenä valin-tana. Arviointia kerättiin perhekodin työyhteisöltä kaksi kertaa, heti ohjauksen jäl-keen ja kuukauden päästä ohjauksesta. Suullisen ja kirjallisen palautteen avulla saatiin tietoa, miten opas ja ohjaus ovat palvelleet perhekodin arjessa. Palautteiden avulla opinnäytetyön toteutusta arvioitiin kirjallisessa osuudessa. Jatkossa opinnäytetyön pohjalta on mahdollista kehittää yleinen opas, joka palvelee esimerkiksi lastensuojelulaitoksia ja perhekoteja, koska tällaista opas-ta ei ole aiemmin tehty. Tarvetta oppaalle on, koska ihmiset haluavat toteuttaa gluteenitonta ja lakto-ovovegetaarista ruokavaliota yhä enemmän myös ilman lääketieteellistä syytä. Tästä syystä opasta, joka kertoo turvallisen tavan toteut-taa näitä ruokavaliota, tarvitaan enemmän. Asiasanat: keliakia, gluteeniton ruokavalio, ohjaus, produktio, ruokavaliot, eet-tisyysSanta-aho, Hanna & Suojoki Suvi. The growing children gluten free diet and lacto-ovovegetarian diet. A guide and training for the professional foster family’s work community. Helsinki, spring 2017. (48 pages, 3 appendices). Degree Programme in Nursing. Option in Nursing. Degree: Nurse The aim of this thesis was to produce a guide and give the guidance of current research from celiac disease and lacto-ovovegetarian diet and how to put them in to practice in a safe way considering growing childens needs. This guide has made to ease everyday life in a foster family. Our thesis consists of a guide and training we gave to the workers of professional foster family and a theoretic part. The material we collected from different databases and from book materials. We also took advantage from a celiac disease expert and the guidance given to us. We collected recipes from gluten free diet which are easy to use as lacto-ovovegetarian diet also. In the thesis theoretic part, we take a look at nurse’s professional knowledge about guidance in health promotion, celiac disease and the diagnostic of celiac disease, lacto-ovovegetarian diet as an ethic choice. This thesis has grown interest for the guide for the guide of this thesis. There are opportunities to make a universal guide for child welfare based on this thesis. Keywords: celiac disease, gluten free diet, guidance, production, diet, ethicalit

Barkhausen Noise Method for Hardened Steel Surface Characterization - The Effect of Heat Treatments, Thermal Damages and Stresses

This work concentrates on the non-destructive magnetic Barkhausen noise (BN) method. The BN method can be utilized in the detection of altered material properties such as changes in microstructure and stress. Method can be used e.g. in detection of grinding burns from hardened and ground gears. One challenge in the BN utilization is the lack of standardized quantification processes and varying guidelines for the use of the method. One of the aims of this study was to manufacture calibration samples for BN device to be used in quality control. The calibration samples must be characterized properly (microstructure, residual stress, surface condition) in order to use them. Then, the calibration samples can be used directly to verify the readings of the measurement device. In addition, these samples allow a more thorough analysis of the BN signal. The verification of the Barkhausen noise readings will give more confidence to the quality control. Two possible methods, induction heating and laser processing were studied for creation of controlled thermal damages. Laser processing was found to be more suitable method for producing these controlled thermal damages. One of the current topics of BN method development is its application to case-depth measurements of hardened components. The non-destructive detection of hardened layer thickness would be useful in detection of layer left for re-grinding and verification of case-depths of hardening heat treatments. This study presents also results of the utilization of commercial Rollscan equipment to case-depth analysis. Method presented here is based on magnetizing voltage sweeps generated from the hardened samples. Calculated slope from magnetizing voltage sweep and division of these measured slopes using varying frequencies can give information about the sample with composition gradients and microstructure gradients related to case-depth value. The relation between BN and stress is not yet well understood. This study also concentrates on this part of BN phenomenon. Here elastic stress was applied to case-hardened steel samples to examine the effect of elastic stress to BN responses. The stress sensitivity was found to be different in test bars with different hardness values obtained with tempering. The results revealed a linear behaviour of the reciprocal RMS value as a function of the applied stress. The stress sensitivity of the RMS value was noticed to depend on the surface hardness of the specimen

Grinding burn classification with surface Barkhausen noise measurements

Industrial Barkhausen noise (BN) measurements are commonly utilized for final quality control after machining operations such as grinding to point out grinding burns. Grinding burns might compromise the final use and fatigue lifetime of the ground component. The industrial BN method itself is based on a pre-determined threshold value of the BN root-mean-square value (RMS). Elevated RMS values indicate detrimental changes in the component. Usually, the evaluation of grinding burn severity is not carried out. In this study, real ground cylindrical samples were collected that were rejected based on an industrial quality control with a BN unit. A more detailed BN analysis was carried out for 41 individual grinding burn locations followed by X-ray diffraction based residual stress (RS) surface measurements and residual stress and diffraction peak full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) depth profiles. K-means clustering was applied to profiles to label the data points related to grinding burns of different severity. Three classes of grinding burns were identified and verified by micrographs and hardness. A linear discriminant classification model was then identified between the surface BN measurement features and labeled data points. The classification results were reasonable with about 80 % classification accuracy at worst. They showed that the classes identified can be detected with the surface BN measurements. Thus, the approach presented in this paper shows great potential in the practical use of BN measurement where grinding burns can be detected and evaluated with a surface BN measurement.Peer reviewe

Comparative study of additively manufactured and reference 316 L stainless steel samples – Effect of severe shot peening on microstructure and residual stresses

The as-built selective laser melted (SLM) austenitic stainless steel 316 L components are characterized by presence of quality related concerns such as tensile residual stresses, poor surface finish, etc. These issues may prove to be detrimental during the actual usage of components and could result in poor mechanical performance. Therefore, it is important to perform the apt post processing such as heat treatment and shot peening to tailor such problems and facilitate improved mechanical performance. In the present work, additively manufactured (AM) 316 L samples were subjected to shot peening with different parameters including the severe shot peening (SSP) procedure. The identical shot peening protocol was also applied to reference samples to evaluate the comparable response. Both the shot peened reference and AM samples were studied for residual stresses, surface topography, microhardness, and the corresponding microstructure. The results indicated, that SSP induced higher values of compressive residual stresses deeper into the samples. This was accompanied by reduced surface roughness, increased grain refinement depth, and higher microhardness near the surface. The SSP resulted in transformation of original austenite to martensite near the surface in the reference samples.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Multi-instrumental approach to domain walls and their movement in ferromagnetic steels – Origin of Barkhausen noise studied by microscopy techniques

Two steels, ferrite and ferrite-pearlite were thoroughly characterized by a multi-instrumental microscopy techniques to get detailed information about their microstructure and magnetic structure. Microstructural features act as pinning sites for the motion of magnetic domain walls (DWs) leading to changes in the magnetization of the sample. This phenomenon is the basis for industrially relevant non-destructive Barkhausen noise (BN) technique. With magnetic force microscopy (MFM), using bulk samples, and Lorentz microscopy, using thin films, we noticed that bulk and thin samples have similar domain structure still giving different BN signal amplitudes. We could explain an in-plane DW movement under out-of-plane applied magnetic field using anisotropy energetics. In-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in Lorentz mode was used to visualize the motion of DWs and their interactions with different pinning sites. To help the interpretation of DW motions, alignment and denoising processes were tailored for in-situ TEM studies. Multi-instrumental and multidimensional structural analysis enabled us to visualize and verify many theoretical hypotheses related to the origin of BN signal in ferrite and ferrite-pearlite steels.Peer reviewe

Barkhausen Noise Method for Hardened Steel Surface Characterization - The Effect of Heat Treatments, Thermal Damages and Stresses

This work concentrates on the non-destructive magnetic Barkhausen noise (BN) method. The BN method can be utilized in the detection of altered material properties such as changes in microstructure and stress. Method can be used e.g. in detection of grinding burns from hardened and ground gears. One challenge in the BN utilization is the lack of standardized quantification processes and varying guidelines for the use of the method. One of the aims of this study was to manufacture calibration samples for BN device to be used in quality control. The calibration samples must be characterized properly (microstructure, residual stress, surface condition) in order to use them. Then, the calibration samples can be used directly to verify the readings of the measurement device. In addition, these samples allow a more thorough analysis of the BN signal. The verification of the Barkhausen noise readings will give more confidence to the quality control. Two possible methods, induction heating and laser processing were studied for creation of controlled thermal damages. Laser processing was found to be more suitable method for producing these controlled thermal damages. One of the current topics of BN method development is its application to case-depth measurements of hardened components. The non-destructive detection of hardened layer thickness would be useful in detection of layer left for re-grinding and verification of case-depths of hardening heat treatments. This study presents also results of the utilization of commercial Rollscan equipment to case-depth analysis. Method presented here is based on magnetizing voltage sweeps generated from the hardened samples. Calculated slope from magnetizing voltage sweep and division of these measured slopes using varying frequencies can give information about the sample with composition gradients and microstructure gradients related to case-depth value. The relation between BN and stress is not yet well understood. This study also concentrates on this part of BN phenomenon. Here elastic stress was applied to case-hardened steel samples to examine the effect of elastic stress to BN responses. The stress sensitivity was found to be different in test bars with different hardness values obtained with tempering. The results revealed a linear behaviour of the reciprocal RMS value as a function of the applied stress. The stress sensitivity of the RMS value was noticed to depend on the surface hardness of the specimen

Additive Manufactured 316L Stainless-Steel Samples: Microstructure, Residual Stress and Corrosion Characteristics after Post-Processing

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a relatively new manufacturing method that can produce complex geometries and optimized shapes with less process steps. In addition to distinct microstructural features, residual stresses and their formation are also inherent to AM components. AM components require several post-processing steps before they are ready for use. To change the traditional manufacturing method to AM, comprehensive characterization is needed to verify the suitability of AM components. On very demanding corrosion atmospheres, the question is does AM lower or eliminate the risk of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) compared to welded 316L components? This work concentrates on post-processing and its influence on the microstructure and surface and subsurface residual stresses. The shot peening (SP) post-processing levelled out the residual stress differences, producing compressive residual stresses of more than −400 MPa in the AM samples and the effect exceeded an over 100 µm layer below the surface. Post-processing caused grain refinement and low-angle boundary formation on the sample surface layer and silicon carbide (SiC) residue adhesion, which should be taken into account when using the components. Immersion tests with four-point-bending in the heated 80 °C magnesium chloride solution for SCC showed no difference between AM and reference samples even after a 674 h immersion

Manufacturing of calibration samples for barkhausen noise method: case studies on temperature controlled laser and hydrogen-oxygen flame

Non-destructive magnetic Barkhausen noise (BN) measurements are most widely used for studying the grinding burns from hardened and ground samples. The formation of the grinding burns occurs due to excess of heat generation and produces thus changes in the residual stresses and microstructure. The BN method can be used for quality control purposes because it is sensitive to changes both in stresses and microstructure. The important part of the BN inspection procedure is the verification that the sensor and the equipment are working properly. One option is to use calibration pieces to evaluate the operation of the sensor before the actual measurements. The best way is to use similar components and same measurement procedure as to be studied. The components should have artificially produced burn marks to mimic the damaged areas of grinding burns. To validate the BN measurement results properly, the BN sensor needs to be verified with both thermally damaged and thermally undamaged sample surfaces. In this work, two different procedures to manufacture artificial burn marks were studied. A temperature controlled, robotic assisted, laser system was used to perform temperature controlled tempering marks to carburised gear wheel teeth surfaces. Also, hydrogen-oxygen flame with robotic control was used to produce artificial burn marks on the surfaces of carburised gear wheel teeth surfaces. The aim was to analyse the suitability of thermal damages created by these two methods by comparing the BN readings of them to each other. The new, temperature controlled, laser system was found to produce uniform quality thermal damages. While the hydrogen-oxygen process was found to be more unpredictable and it needs to be controlled extremely carefully i.e. with robotic manipulation of the hydrogen-oxygen flame. The speed of the hydrogen-oxygen flame affected the RMS values greater than the other tested parameters.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Role of Steel Plate Thickness on the Residual Stress Formation and Cracking Behavior During Flame Cutting

Thick wear-resistant steel plates are utilized in challenging applications, which require a high hardness and toughness. However, utilization of the thick plates is problematic as they often have nonuniform mechanical properties along the thickness direction due to the manufacturing-induced segregations. In addition, the processing of thick plates commonly involves flame cutting, which causes several challenges. Flame cutting forms a heat-affected zone and generates high residual stresses during the cutting process. In the worst case, flame cutting causes cracking of the cut edge. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of plate thickness on the residual stress formation and cracking behavior when utilizing flame cutting. Residual stress profiles are measured by X-ray diffraction, plates and cut edges and are mechanically tested and characterized by electron microscopy. The results show that thicker plates generate more unfavorable residual stress state during flame cutting. Thick plates also contain segregations, which have decreased mechanical properties. The combination of high residual tensile stresses and segregations increase the risk of cracking during flame cutting. To prevent the cracking, the residual stresses should be lowered by lower cutting speeds and preheating. In addition, manufacturing practices should be aimed at lowering segregation formation in thick plates.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Sub-Surface Analysis of Grinding Burns with Barkhausen Noise Measurements

Barkhausen noise (BN) measurements are commonly used for surface characterisation. However, often there is also a need to verify the sub-surface region because detrimental tensile stresses may be present after different manufacturing steps. Especially in a grinding burn, the surface stress may be compressive, but it changes quickly into tensile stress below the surface. The aim of this study was to find out whether regular surface-sensitive BN measurement is also sensitive to the stresses below the surface caused by grinding burns. More specifically, the aim was to study the relationship between BN features and sub-surface stresses and to identify a model that estimates sub-surface stresses. Real samples were collected from an actual process. The samples were cylindrical samples manufactured from commercial alloyed AISI/SAE L6 steel that was through-hardened prior to grinding. Barkhausen noise measurements were carried out for 42 grinding burn locations followed by X-ray diffraction-based residual stress surface measurements and residual stress depth profiles. Depth information was obtained through step-by-step electrolytic removal of thin layers. The stress profiles were pre-processed through interpolation and averaged stress was calculated as a function of depth below the surface. Correlation analysis was carried out to evaluate the relationships between BN features and stress at different depths and among BN features. The main outcome of the analysis was that BN measurement is dominated by the sub-surface tensile stresses rather than the compressive stress at the surface. It was also noticed that BN features form two groups, corresponding to average Barkhausen activity and magnetising field strength leading to maximum Barkhausen activity. Models for stress at different steps were identified systematically. The performance of the models for sub-surface stresses was reasonable with R2 values of around 0.85 and root mean squared error (RMSE) values of around 95 MPa. Based on the results, it is concluded that BN measurement provides information about sub-surface stresses and that stress can be evaluated through straightforward modelling, allowing fast detection of grinding burns